Here are a few historical facts that most amateur ancient historians are aware of: The Romans began speaking Latin. After the conquest of Alexander the Great, Greek became a "lingua franca" in the
The ancient Greeks have a reputation for being proudly, purely monolingual: they considered their own language so perfect that they had no need to learn anyone else''s. But was that really true? A new dictionary of Latin words used by ancient Greek speakers suggests that it was not, by documenting over 2,500 words of Latin
Latin and Greek were the dominant languages of the Roman Empire, but other languages were regionally important. Latin was the original language of the Romans and remained the language of imperial administration, legislation, and the military throughout the classical period. [2]
In addition to Latin, the Greek language was often spoken by the well-educated elite, who studied it in school and acquired Greek tutors from among the influx of enslaved educated Greek prisoners of war, captured during the Roman conquest of Greece.
Feel free to suggest ways to narrow down this question in the comments, if this is ridiculously broad. Although I''m interested in movements throughout the empire, I chose Rome as the primary focus for this question.
There were many, many Greeks in Rome around the turn of the millennium. Many of them were educated slaves, ''imported'' to teach Greek to Roman children of the middle and upper classes. The language was considered an essential part of the education of an educated Roman child. It may be compared to the position of Latin in Europe and in its (former) colonies until ca. 1800. As far as we know, Caesar most probably did not say et tu, Brute to Brutus upon his death, but possibly καὶ σὺ, τέκνον; although Suetonius argues against this then common story.
The first Greek colonies near Naples may have appeared in the second millennium BC, before the mythical date of the foundation of Rome in 753 BC. In the 8th century, there was a a wave of Greek colonisation all along the coasts of southern Italy, Sicily, southern France, and many other places around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, e.g. Cumae and Ischia near the later Naples. The Greek colonies in Italy and Sicily are known collectively as Magna Graecia.
There was much contact between Etruscans, Romans, and Greeks in Italy when Rome was still a smallish city-state. Major Greek towns like Naples and Cumae are about 200 km south of Rome, or 10 hours (by trireme) to 25 hours (merchant ship) away. The Etruscans also conquered some Greek colonies and used an adaptation of the Greek alphabet before Rome, too, adopted (another) variant of the Greek alphabet. By the fourth century BC, Rome had acquired so many territories that it practically bordered on Greece near Neapolis.
Contact between the Romans and the [Greek] Cumaeans is recorded during the reign of Aristodemus [of Cumae, c. 550 – c. 490 BC]. Livy states that immediately prior to the war between Rome and Clusium, the Roman senate sent agents to Cumae to purchase grain in anticipation of a siege of Rome.[8] Also Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last legendary King of Rome, lived his life in exile with Aristodemus at Cumae after the Battle of Lake Regillus and died there in 495 BC.[9] — https://en.wikipedia /wiki/Cumae
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