For Georgia, the Kura, the longest river in the Caucasus that flows through the capital Tbilisi, is a lifeline — not least for the country''s energy industry.About 70% of the electricity in the country of 3.7 million people, nestled between Russia, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan, comes from hydropower. Twenty percentis garnered from coal and natural gas.
The rest is covered by imports from Russia — for now. If Germany and the EU have their way, Georgia should strive to become independent of its large neighbor to the north and become an electricity-exporting country with Europe as its destination.
The German state-owned investment and development bank, the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), is one of the main players pushing the scheme. It is supporting the expansion of the power grid with more than €200 million ($217 million) to enable Georgia to generate more renewable energy.
The potential is vast: the Georgian state electricity producer GSE expects to expand capacities from the current 4,600 megawatts (MW) to just under 10,000 MW by 2033. New hydropower plants would be able to provide around four gigawatts (GW) of new capacities. In addition, there are plans to construct newwind farms with a capacity of 900 MW and photovoltaics with 200 MW. Currently, only one wind farm with 21 MW is in operation.
The new capacities would transform Georgia from a net electricity importer to an exporter providing green electricity for Europe. Georgia aside, offshore wind farms in Azerbaijan''s Caspian Sea could also play a role in delivering green power to the West.
To make this vision a reality, the EU and Georgia are pursuing the idea of running a power line through the Black Sea. Around 1,100 kilometers (683 miles) in length, it would be one of the longest undersea power cables in the world and could carry 1,000 MW in either direction. However, the investment would be substantial at more than €2 billion.
The parties involved are currently preparing a feasibility study, with results expected at the end of 2023. If things go according to plan, the cable could be in place in 2029. However, the high costs and security concerns — the submarine cable would run within relative reach of the Russian-held Crimean Peninsula — mean that stakeholders are also eyeing alternatives.
Indeed, the Caucasian green electricity could be transported to the West via the Turkish power grid, says Thomas Arlt of the German engineering firm Fichtner; the advantage being that the Turkish power grid is synchronized with its European counterpart. However, for that to happen, the line in Georgia would first have to be decoupled from the Russian power grid, with which it is currently synchronized.
On behalf of the KfW, Fichtner has built a substation in Akhalzikhe, near the border with Turkey, for the state-owned Georgian power producer that can tap into Georgian electricity and transmit up to 700 MW of electricity into the Turkish-European grid.
Meanwhile, Turkey has also announced an expansion of its pipelines. However, whether and to what extent Turkey will cooperate to potentially transmit the green power to the EU is subject to contracts that do not yet exist.
Therefore, building new capacity is the prerequisite of all green power dreams. Georgia launched its first tender for 300 MW of new hydropower, wind and photovoltaics capacity this year. The average bidding prices were 5-6 cents per kilowatt-hour. Another 1.2 gigawatts (GW) are expected to follow.
To make market-based pricing possible, state-owned electricity provider GSE has announced plans to establish a Georgian Power Exchange this year. "Without such an open electricity market, no foreign investor will come," says GSE board member Zviad Gachechiladze.
Currently, electricity prices are still regulated by the state, and free trade is hardly possible. "But a market price creates the basis for green power purchase agreements (PPAs)," he says. This would allow the flow of capital to Georgia to build green capacities for Europe.
And there could be further good news. The German government supports Georgia''s plans to use its renewable electricity to produce green hydrogen. The KfW signed a memorandum of understanding to that effect with the government, the Georgian oil and gas company GOGC and the city of Batumi. The aim is to implement plans for the first green hydrogen project in the country. Germany is providing financial backing of around €1.3 million.
Georgia had a total primary energy supply (TPES) of 4.793 Mtoe in 2016.[1] Electricity consumption was 11.5 TWh in 2016. Electricity production was 11.6 TWh, of which 81% from hydroelectricity and 19% from natural gas.[2]
Georgia works in close collaboration with the European Union to implement sustainable biomass management practices by 2030.[3] The country will continue to increase the renewable energy created as well as producing less greenhouse gasses that can be harmful to the environment.
Approximately 1% of energy supply in Georgia comes from wind and solar farms. As of 2019 Georgia has produced 20.7 MW of renewable energy from wind power. It has the potential of producing 4.16 terawatt hours per year in electricity and heat. According to a report from the International Renewable Energy Agency, in 2019 73% of renewable energy was used for electricity and 26% was used for bioenergy.
In 2021, Georgia contracted Abu Dhabi''s Masdar to develop a 100-megawatt solar power project in a move to diversify the country''s energy mix.[9] The government is on a mission to reduce greenhouse gasses by this new implementation of alternative energy. It is expected that by 2030 greenhouse gasses will be reduced by 29.25 Mt CO2eq, which may be a result of the renewable energy options.[10]
In the colder months of the year the average temperature in Georgia can get down to around 10°C. Since the temperatures are very cold, it is hard for the government to rely on hydropower. In place of hydropower, the main source of power in the winter is natural gas. The two sources of energy use a mutualistic relationship to optimize energy potential. In 2019 the country consumed 84,756 million cubic feet of natural gas.[11] The natural gas is imported from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Turkey.
In 2019 Georgia produced 8.93 terawatt hours per year from hydropower. The Georgian National Energy and Water Supply Regulatory Commission controls the use of hydropower. As of 2020, Georgia produced 3818 MW from hydropower. Although hydropower is not used much in the winter due to the temperature, in the summer it is one of the highest energy producers. However, an issue that may occur with rising temperature will affect evaporation. High hydropower use creates a chain link reaction that increases evaporation, which then increases precipitation, and leads to an increase in river flow.
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