The spotlight on low-carbon hydrogen has intensified since the adoption of the Paris Agreement. Currently, over 70 nations worldwide have charted strategic trajectories in the realm of hydrogen-based energy. Among these trailblazers is Kazakhstan, which has embraced a game-changing initiative - the Republic of Kazakhstan''s Carbon Neutrality Strategy, aimed at attaining carbon neutrality by 2060. The nation has embarked on a resolute journey toward this ambitious goal.
In a significant move, Kazakhstan has embraced the Carbon Neutrality Strategy for the year 2060 (hereafter referred to as "the Strategy"). This ambitious strategy charts a course towards achieving carbon neutrality through a phased substitution of coal with alternative and renewable energy sources, electrification of energy consumption across all economic sectors, transitioning to hydrogen, biofuels, and synthetic low-carbon fuels, and the deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies.
The onset of strategic goals has ushered in the signing of a Framework Agreement outlining foundational principles for renewable energy projects and "green" hydrogen production in the Mangystau region (referred to as "the Agreement"). Within the scope of this Agreement, plans are underway for the construction of solar and wind parks, set to generate 40 GW of electricity. This power will be directed to a hydrogen production plant through electrolysis utilising desalinated water.
As far as is known, Kazakhstan had been crafting a draft law on " Development of Alternative Energy Sources" aimed at establishing a legal framework for hydrogen, industrial gases, coalbed methane, biofuels, and solid waste fuels. However, as of the article''s writing, this legislative initiative is yet to be enacted. Presently, only a handful of countries possess direct legal regulations concerning hydrogen energy, and where still in developmental stages, hydrogen has been incorporated under existing laws.
The government of Singapore has set an ambitious target of achieving zero energy consumption by 2050. Currently, Singapore lacks separate legislation specifically regulating hydrogen energy. The import, storage, sale, and transportation of hydrogen are governed by broader legislation encompassing flammable materials overall, along with health and safety laws.
Experience from leading nations in hydrogen energy reveals that direct legal regulation of hydrogen energy is found only within the European Union; other countries generally lack direct legislation. As of now, Central Asian countries also lack legislation directly regulating hydrogen energy. However, considering hydrogen energy''s development in Uzbekistan, it''s plausible that this country could pioneer hydrogen energy legislation among Central Asian states.
In 2022, Uzbekistan adopted the Development Strategy for 2022-2026, focusing extensively on robust hydrogen energy development. Key goals of the strategy include the active integration of "green economy" technologies across sectors and the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources.
The development of novel technologies (hydrogen adsorbers, metal hydride carriers, nanocatalysts for hydrogen production, and solar-driven electrolysis) is being planned, alongside the establishment of scientific internships for young scholars and specialists at prominent foreign research centres and universities in the field of hydrogen energy by the year 2024.
As part of the research and development program aimed at creating technologies for hydrogen production, storage, and transportation in the field of hydrogen energy, the following will be generated:
Due to the absence of direct legal regulation in Kazakhstan, the production of hydrogen may be governed within the framework of existing general norms of legislation that regulate relations in the electric power sector, as well as renewable energy sources (RES), subsoil use, land use, ecology, and water resources, to the extent applicable.
Developers of such projects must also adhere to the rules and instructions regarding fire safety, industrial security, and labour protection, as provided by the legislation of Kazakhstan. Non-compliance with these requirements could lead to administrative or criminal liability in cases where significant harm is caused to health and safety.
The activities of the subject in relation to hydrogen production and storage may also fall under the purview of legislation governing occupational safety and safety engineering, including legislation on civil defence, labour regulations, chemical safety regulations, machinery and equipment safety, and fire safety. Specifically:
About Kazakhstan hydrogen energy storage
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